Despite the eradication of rheumatic fever and syphilis (major causes of valvular heart disease in the past) in industrialized countries, valvular heart disease still remains a major health problem worldwide. The aging population, among other factors, has contributed to the high incidence of valvular heart disease today ( Fig. 1 ) [ ]. The prevalence of calcific aortic stenosis (AS) is one of the most common valvular abnormalities today and when severe interventional therapy (transcatheter or surgery) is required [ , ].